Association of Sex Difference With Thiamine Responsive Disorders in Internal Medicine: A Pilot Case-Control Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Thiamine responsive disorder (TRD), a clinical condition which improves with the administration of vitamin B1, has been proposed in pediatrics to detect the atypical and diverse symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency which has been widely overlooked. Previous studies were not conducted in internal medicine and in developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of Japanese TRD patients in internal medicine. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at Department of General Medicine in the Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. Participants were tested for whole blood total vitamin B1, serum albumin levels, and total lymphocyte count; started newly on a vitamin B1 preparation for treating patients' signs and symptoms; and re-visited the hospital to evaluate drug effectiveness. Signs and symptoms were chosen whether they had been suspected to be a vitamin B1 deficiency by the treating physicians. All enrolled patients were assessed recovery status by the clinician at that time, and one of the authors assigned them to a TRD or not using a two-point scale (getting better vs. no change or getting worse) based on all the information available from electronic medical records. Results: A total of 35 patients were enrolled (median age 48 years; 31.4% male). A univariate logistic regression analysis showed that sex was associated with TRDs (female: unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0043 - 0.55, P = 0.007), which was the same as the result of a multivariate logistic regression analysis with forced entry method (female: adjusted OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.0009 - 0.32, P = 0.002). In addition, there was an atypical symptom of vitamin B1 deficiency such as orthostatic dysregulation (OD): lightheadedness and syncope in the TRDs albeit being nonsignificant. Conclusions: Japanese TRD patients in internal medicine were associated with sex, and had a symptom of OD. Further well-designed, large-scale studies are needed to explore the features of TRDs in internal medicine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.030 | 0.053 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".