Rethinking Sport Type: Adolescent Sport Contexts and their Associations With Sport Enjoyment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Researchers, and the public alike, assume that sport types (e.g., team, contact, aesthetic) inherently produce certain environments. To test these assumptions, we examined how sport types relate to adolescent participants' perceptions of sport contexts. Using survey data from 841 U.S. youth in 54 sports, we adopted a novel approach to include multiple sport types when (a) describing how sport types correlate to the perceived sport context and (b) examining how variance in sport enjoyment is predicted by sport type alongside other relational and structural aspects. Results show that sport types consistently predicted structural characteristics (e.g., team sports involved increased interdependence perceptions); yet, we observed fewer differences for relational characteristics (e.g., perceptions of friends). Relational characteristics also accounted for considerable variance in sport enjoyment, not explained by sport type alone. This study shows that clearer sport type definitions and precise assessments are needed to capture contextual factors that predict sport enjoyment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".