Brain structural changes in bipolar disorders - interplay between illness burden and lithium treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Structural imaging findings in psychiatric disorders, including the mood disorders, have been inconsistent, with rare replications and frequent contradictory findings. The argument that is presented here is that it is ultimately the clinical variables which will allow us to clarify the seemingly confusing neuroimaging findings. This can be demonstrated in the example of hippocampal volumes in bipolar disorders (BPD). Whereas cumulatively, bipolar patients show preserved hippocampal volumes, when studies are subdivided, based on exposure to lithium (Li), BPD subjects not exposed to Li show smaller hippocampal volumes than controls, who have smaller hippocampal volumes than Li-treated participants. In addition, hippocampal volumes in BPD seem to be negatively associated with the illness burden (duration of illness, numbers of episodes) but only among participants with limited exposure to Li. This neuroprogressive nature of illness translates into increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders in patients with BPD, a risk that may be alleviated by Li treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".