Multi-method proof-of-concept evaluation for R2Play: a novel multi-domain return-to-play assessment tool for concussion
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Return-to-play (RtoP) clearance after concussion typically involves single- and dual-task assessments that do not reflect the speed or complexity of sport. We developed R2Play, a dynamic multi-domain assessment tool for concussion. This study aimed to (1) demonstrate proof of concept for R2Play by evaluating alignment with design objectives (easy to use, fun, sport-like, clinically valuable, resource efficient, and flexible); and (2) document subsequent iterations to R2Play design. A multi-method evaluation was performed wherein clinicians were paired with youth to test R2Play together and complete separate semi-structured interviews. Quantitative metrics included the System Usability Scale (SUS), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), assessment durations, and R2Play completion times, errors, and multi-task cost scores (changes in performance with the introduction of new challenges). Interviews explored perspectives on design objectives, analyzed using content analysis. Participants included five clinicians (n = 2 occupational therapy; n = 1 physiotherapy; n = 1 athletic therapy; n = 1 medicine) and 10 youth (ages 10-22 years). Assessments took 30-40 minutes despite minor technical challenges (e.g., unresponsive equipment). Clinician-rated usability was good-to-excellent (SUS = 81 ± 8.4; 95% CI: 73.6, 88.4) and youth reported that instructions were easy to follow. Moderate-to-high-intensity exertion was achieved (peak HR = 80 ± 11% age-predicted maximal; 95% CI: 77.4%, 88.5%). Multi-task cost scores reflected some aspects of hypothesized level demand loading. Clinicians described R2Play as potentially valuable to assess sport tolerance and enable rich observations of multi-domain skill integration. Tables were constructed to map study findings onto design iterations. This study supports proof-of-concept for R2Play, a new multi-domain concussion assessment tool, and identified areas for improvement, which has informed changes to the design of R2Play before broader evaluation among youth post-concussion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it