Occurrence and trends of fluorinated pesticides in food commodities marketed in Luxembourg (2011–2024)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated fluorinated pesticide residues in food commodities marketed in Luxembourg, focusing on substances listed in the European Chemicals Agency's Annex XV Restriction Report Proposal as potential precursors of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a persistent degradation product of concern. From 6,034 samples collected between 2011 and 2024, 48.1% contained quantifiable residues, with fluorinated compounds detected in 12.3% of the samples. Tea (65.3%) and dried fruits (45.6%) showed the highest contamination rates. Detection rates of fluorinated pesticide residues rose from 9.6% of the samples in 2011 to 26.8% in 2024. In 18 cases (1.8%) EU maximum residue limits (MRLs) were exceeded. Thirty-one distinct fluorinated pesticides were identified, with six compounds, fluopyram, lambda-cyhalothrin, trifloxystrobin, bifenthrin, fluopicolide, and flonicamid accounting for nearly 80% of the detections, all being considered potential precursors of TFA. These findings underline the need for continued monitoring and regulatory attention to limit environmental and health risks from TFA formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".