Circulating enolase 1 as a diagnostic biomarker for early-stage breast cancer
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diagnosis of stage 1 breast cancer is challenging as small tumors are often left undetected by conventional imaging techniques. In addition, ~80% of detected breast masses are classified as benign, which means that a large proportion of diagnostic needle biopsies lead to unnecessary psychological stress and medical costs. We investigated circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential carriers of unique cancer-associated proteins capable of reporting on a breast cancer diagnosis. We isolated EVs from healthy (19), benign (19), and stage 1 breast cancer patient (86) plasma samples using size exclusion chromatography. Mass spectrometry identified 94 significantly changed proteins in the plasma EVs from breast cancer patients. Analysis of a subset of these proteins using a cohort of pre- and post-operative breast cancer patient plasma EVs identified enolase 1 as a promising biomarker. We further validated enolase 1 in a larger patient cohort by high-throughput ELISA of plasma. Enolase 1 was found to be significantly elevated in plasma from stage 1 breast cancer patients compared to healthy and benign individuals, and decreased in post-operative plasma upon tumor removal. Our findings suggest that an enolase 1 liquid blood biopsy could be used to support the detection of breast cancer at the earliest, most treatable, stage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it