Effect of partial saturation on shear strength of a high-plasticity clay and soil–structure interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The economics of solar farms favour short piles that lie predominantly in the active zone where seasonal changes in moisture and degree of saturation occur. Pile design requires knowledge of shaft friction, yet information on interface friction for partially saturated clays is little reported, particularly for high-plasticity clays. Through this paper, the shear behaviour of a high-plasticity expansive clay is examined by using the results from soil-on-soil and soil-interface shearing on partially saturated specimens, using a direct shear box apparatus. The results demonstrate the transition of the response from plastic to brittle as suction increases, and illustrate that dilation is an inherent characteristic of unsaturated soil under shear enhancing soil strength in addition to the effects of the high suctions which are inherent to high-plasticity clays. While dilation is not significant at soil-interfaces, enhanced strength mobilization is observed due to the suction. The soil failure envelope shows a nonlinear increase in strength with suction, estimated from the soil-water retention curve, with interface tests showing a reduction in strength with suction beyond the air-entry value. An effective stress interpretation is shown to explain the interface response provided the parameter χ is evaluated from the shear tests accounting for the effects of dilation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".