High‐Efficiency Semitransparent Solar Cells Based on Magnetron Sputtered Sb <sub>2</sub> S <sub>3</sub> Thin Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Thin‐film solar cells based on wide‐bandgap antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) offer new possibilities for semitransparent building‐integrated photovoltaics. In this report, impurity‐free Sb 2 S 3 thin films are prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The optimized opaque devices obtain a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.6%. A detailed characterization is conducted to investigate the impact of annealing conditions on the morphology, crystal structure, composition, and optoelectronic properties of Sb 2 S 3 thin films, which are relevant to photovoltaic performance. Moreover, semitransparent solar cells are fabricated using highly compact Sb 2 S 3 films with thicknesses of 40, 60, and 80 nm. Using a superstrate device structure (FTO/TiO 2 /Sb 2 S 3 /P3HT‐PEDOT:PSS/Au (≈10 nm)), these solar cells achieve PCEs of 2.0%, 2.6%, and 3.2%, respectively, while maintaining an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 15.5%, 13.5%, and 10.0%. The AVTs of the semitransparent devices are further enhanced by replacing the ultrathin Au top electrode with indium‐doped tin oxide and using wide bandgap inorganic CuSCN as the hole transport layer instead of P3HT‐PEDOT:PSS. Thus, the AVT improves to 20.5% (PCE: 2.0%) for semitransparent solar cells using 60 nm Sb 2 S 3 . This study demonstrates that sputtering is a promising deposition technique for high‐quality ultrathin Sb 2 S 3 absorbers for semitransparent photovoltaics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".