Record W4415313776 · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.08380

Identification of low-energy kaons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

2025· preprint· en· W4415313776 on OpenAlexfundno aff

Fatima Abd Alrahman, M. A. Acero, Tiago Alves, Luciano Arellano, L. Arellano, D. Auguste, A. Aurisano, J. J. Back, Y. Bae, D. Baigarashev, P. Baldi, Adilson Barros, N. Barros, N. Barros, J. Barrow, J. L. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, Marco Bassani, Dipak Basu, C. Batchelor, J. L. L. Bazo Alba, J. F. Beacom, B. Behera, Ben Bell, George Bell, L. Bellantoni, O. Beltramello, F. Neves, P. Bernardini, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodríguez, Y. Bezawada, V. Bhatnagar, V. Bhatnagar, B. Bilki, P. Bishop, A. Bodek, B. Bogart, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, A. Booth, F. Boran, R. Borges Merlo, Gabriel Botogoske, Barnali Brahma, V. Brio, A. Bross, Stuart H. M. Butchart, G. Caceres V., R. Calabrese, E. Calvo, A. F. Camino, Wallison Campanelli, A. Campani, Juan Miguel Carceller, M. F. Carneiro, P. Carniti, Lauren Carroll, Thomas L. Carroll, T. Carroll, E. Catano-Mur, F. Cavalier, Enrique Fernando Ceceña-Avendaño, S. Centro, C. Cerna, J. Chakrani, Bhavesh Chauhan, Mu–Chun Chen, Wenchao Chen, Yifan Chen, Zhengyang Chen, S. S. Chhibra, R. Chirco, S. Choate, S. Choate, Badrul A. Chowdhury, E. Church, M. F. Cicala, Riccardo Ciolini, P. E. L. Clarke, A. G. Cocco, J. A. B. Coelho, L. Conti, Kristin M. Conway, P. Cova, Callum Cox, L. Cremonesi, R. Cross, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Jiawei Dai, H. da Motta, H. da Motta, J. Dawson, M. P. Decowski, Paul de Jong, P. del Amo Sanchez, Ana Paula Monteiro de Mendonça, Jan Detje, Jorge S Diaz, J.S. Díaz, S. Di Falco, L. Di Noto, L. Di Noto, Viola Di Silvestre, M. Diwan, M. Dolce, Daniel Douglas, D. Duchesneau, S. Dytman, M. Eads, A. C. Ezeribe, Daniel Faragher, C. Farnese, A. Filkins, K. Francis, J. Franklin, M. Fucci, A. P. Furmanski, F. Galizzi, Mattéo Galli, Fan Gao, S. Gao, D. Garcia-Gamez, M. Á. García-Peris, Anna Gartman, Guanqun Ge, Nicolas Geffroy, B. Gelli, L. O. Gerlach, S. Gollapinni, R. A. Gomes, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, M. C. Goodman, S. Goswami, C. Grace, R. Gran, Stephen B. Greenberg, Andreas Gruber, L. Gu, W. Gu, V. Guarino, A. Guglielmi, Flynn Guo, Vikas Gupta, P. Guzowski, A. Habig, A. Habig, Raheema Hafeji, Andreas Hahn, Jonathan Hancock, M. Handley, Benjamin Harris, D. A. Harris, D. A. Harris, Letrell Harris, J. Hartnell, Mei He, K. M. Heeger, Alex Heindel, Patrick Hellmuth, J. M. Hernandez, A. Himmel, J. Ho, T. Holvey, Shunsaku Horiuchi, B. Howard, H. Hua, R.G. Huang, X. Huang, A. Hussain, N. Ilic, R. Illingworth, Ara Ioannisian, V. Jain, C. Jena, C. H. Jiang, Junjie Jiang, J. H. Jo, F. R. Joaquim, R. Jones, M. Joshi, M. Judah, C. K. Jung, KiYoung Jung, G. Karagiorgi, L. Kashur, E. Kearns, P. T. Keener, O. Kemularia, Y. Kermaïdic, W. Ketchum, Naseem Khan, A. Khvedelidze, Kim Js, John Almond, M. J. Kim, S. Kim, M. King, M. King, L. Koch, L. W. Koerner, V. Alan Kostelecký, S. Kubota, M. Kubu, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Kuhlmann, Jason Kumar, M. Kumar, Pawan Kumar, J. Kvasnicka, Ioana Lalău, N. Lane, Thomas A. Langford, T. Langford, D. Last, Emile Lavaut, H. Lay, R. LaZur, M. Lazzaroni, J. G. Learned, T. LeCompte, G. Lehmann Miotto, M. Leitner, D. Leon Silverio, Jiaoyang Li, Shirley Weishi Li, R. Lima, C.-J. Lin, R. A. Lineros, A. Lister, B. R. Littlejohn, Yinrui Liu, I. Lomidze, I. López de Rego, N. López-March, X. -G. Lu, Xiao Luo, P. Machado, S. Magill, K. Majumdar, Sergio Mameli, M. Man, R. C. Mandujano, M. Manrique Plata, Luis Manzanillas-Velez, M. Marchan, C. Mariani, John C. Marshall, J. Martín-Albo, D. A. Martínez Caicedo, M. Martinez-Casales, A. Mastbaum, F. Matichard, I. Mawby, T. McAskill, N. McConkey, Bradley K. McConnell, C. McGivern, C. McNulty, V. C. N. Meddage, L. Mellet, Tatiana Melo, H. Méndez, D. P. Méndez, A. Mercuri, W. Metcalf, M. Mewes, A. Minotti, F. Miller, William Miller, S. Miscetti, C. S. Mishra, Priya Mishra, S. R. Mishra, D. Mladenov, A. Mogan, N. Mokhov, L. Molina Bueno, C. Montanari, David Montanari, L. M. Montaño Zetina, Michael N. Moore, D. Moreno, O. Moreno-Palacios, W. Mu, L. Mualem, J. Mueller, A. Muir, Y. Mukhamejanov, A. Mukhamejanova, M. Mulhearn, Thomas F. Murphy, Angeliki Mytilinaki, S. Narita, A. Navrer-Agasson, J. K. Nelson, O. Neogi, M. Newcomer, D. A. Newmark, R. J. Nichol, Allan Aasbjerg Nielsen, Xuyang Ning, J. Nowak, J. P. Ochoa‐Ricoux, Andrew Olivier, A. Olivier, Y. Onel, Jaime Alberto Osorio Vélez, L. O’Sullivan, Supriya Pan, P. Panda, V. Paolone, Dimitrios K. Papoulias, S. Paramesvaran, Juseong Park, J. Park, Shaista Parveen, D. Pasciuto, L. Pasqualini, G. D. Patel, Jacques Paul, D. Payne, V. Pec, S. J. M. Peeters, A. Penzo, Y. F. Perez Gonzalez, G. M. Piacentino, Joshua Pinchault, Pawel Plesniak, K. Plows, N. Poonthottathil, Francesco Poppi, R. Pradhan, T. Prakash, F. Psihas, J. Queen, J. Rademacker, S. Rajagopalan, M. Rajaoalisoa, Mamitiana Angelo Ralaikoto, Lalnuntluanga Ralte, Steve Stone Randriamanampisoa, Timo Räth, J. S. Réal, S. Repetto, C. Reynolds, G. Riccobene, M. Rigan, E. V. Rincón, Adam Roberts, A. Roberts, D. Rodriguez Rodriguez, D. Rodriguez, Mariana Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez Rondon, D. Roß, Toetrasoa Rotsy, N. Roy, P. Roy, D. Rudik, Alessandro Ruggeri, Kritika Rushiya, S. Sacerdoti, S. Saha, S. K. Sahoo, N. Sahu, Sayabek Sakhiyev, A. Sanchez-Castillo, A. Sánchez-Castillo, P. Sánchez-Lucas, Ina Sarčević, I. Sarra, A. Scaramelli, P. Schlabach, A. Schneider, K. Scholberg, Susan J. Schwartz, E. Segreto, D. Senadheera, Danielle Seppela, M. H. Shaevitz, P. Shanahan, Prachi Sharma, S. S. Poudel, Kate Shaw, K. Shchablo, Seodong Shin, Sushil Shivakoti, А. Н. Шмаков, D. Shooltz, Matthew Siden, J. Silber, J. Sinclair, Jaydip Singh, Lakwinder Singh, L. Singh, Venktesh Singh, S. Chauhan, Camille Sironneau, Paul Smith, Erica Snider, E. L. Snider, M. Soares Nunes, S. Söldner‐Rembold, M. Sorbara, J. Soto-Otón, J. Soto-Oton, A. Sousa, Davi Correia, N.J.C. Spooner, L. Stanco, Jacob Steenis, Herbert Steiner, H. Steiner, A. Stuart, Joeal Subash, A. Surdo, Kathryn Sutton, S. K. Swain, A. M. Szelc, A. A. Sztuc, S. Tang, R. Tayloe, Júlia Tena Vidal, A. Thompson, Sachchidanand Tiwari, Denis Torres Muñoz, M. Torti, N. Tosi, D. Totani, M. Toups, Elizabeth Triller, S. Trilov, Joshua Truchon, Daniele Truncali, Yu-Dai Tsai, Shuang Tu, Samuel Turnberg, M. Tuzi, S. Uzunyan, E. Vallazza, D. V. Forero, Alessandro Vannozzi, F. Varanini, Joana Vences, Renzo Vizarreta, A. P. Vizcaya Hernández, S. Vlachos, Grigory Vorobyev, A. V. Waldron, Luke Walker, J. L. Walsh, Biao Wang, Hanguo Wang, Jingbo Wang, M. Wang, M. H. L. S. Wang, Xiaoran Wang, M. O. Wascko, Colin Weber, M. Weber, A. Weinstein, A. J. White, L. Whitehead, Felipe Wieler, Alexander S. Wilkinson, C. Wilkinson, F. F. Wilson, Jean Wolfs, Anthony Wood, Deangelo Wooley, M. Worcester, M. Worcester, Matthew Wright, W. Wu, W. Wu, Z. Wu, I. Xiotidis, E. Yandel, Jiangmei Yang, Jian Yang, T. Yang, A. Yankelevich, L. E. Yates, U Yevarouskaya, Tim Young, H. Yu, J. S. Yu, J. Yu, Michaela Zabloudil, Rowan Zaki, B. Zamorano, J. Zettlemoyer, Shuaixiang Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Zhao, E. D. Zimmerman, S. Zucchelli, R. Zwaska

Bibliographic record

VenueArXiv.org · 2025

Typepreprint

Languageen

FieldPhysics and Astronomy

TopicParticle physics theoretical and experimental studies

Canadian institutionsnot available

FundersHigh Energy PhysicsEuropean Regional Development FundInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaHORIZON EUROPE Framework ProgrammeOffice of ScienceAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroChina Scholarship CouncilConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoU.S. Department of EnergyJunta de AndalucíaFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásFermilabUK Research and InnovationNational Science FoundationRoyal SocietyGeneralitat ValencianaNational Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterXunta de GaliciaCERNFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

KeywordsLarge Hadron ColliderProtonNeutrinoDetectorParticle identificationHadronRange (aeronautics)Neutrino detectorProton Synchrotron

DOI10.48550/arxiv.2510.08380

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation neutrino experiment with a rich physics program that includes searches for the hypothetical phenomenon of proton decay. Utilizing liquid-argon time-projection chamber technology, DUNE is expected to achieve world-leading sensitivity in the proton decay channels that involve charged kaons in their final states. The first DUNE demonstrator, ProtoDUNE Single-Phase, was a 0.77 kt detector that operated from 2018 to 2020 at the CERN Neutrino Platform, exposed to a mixed hadron and electron test-beam with momenta ranging from 0.3 to 7 GeV/c. We present a selection of low-energy kaons among the secondary particles produced in hadronic reactions, using data from the 6 and 7 GeV/c beam runs. The selection efficiency is 1\% and the sample purity 92\%. The initial energies of the selected kaon candidates encompass the expected energy range of kaons originating from proton decay events in DUNE (below $\sim$200 MeV). In addition, we demonstrate the capability of this detector technology to discriminate between kaons and other particles such as protons and muons, and provide a comprehensive description of their energy loss in liquid argon, which shows good agreement with the simulation. These results pave the way for future proton decay searches at DUNE.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001

metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001

Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated

Candidate categoriesnone

Consensus categoriesnone

DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none

Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental

GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical

Teacher disagreement score0.003

Threshold uncertainty score0.009

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

Category	Codex	Gemma
Metaresearch	0.001	0.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)	0.000	0.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)	0.000	0.000
Bibliometrics	0.001	0.001
Science and technology studies	0.001	0.000
Scholarly communication	0.001	0.001
Open science	0.001	0.001
Research integrity	0.000	0.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)	0.003	0.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.021

GPT teacher head0.284

Teacher spread0.263 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work

Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.

Study designBench or experimental

Domainnot available

GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0

Published2025

Admission routes1

Has abstractyes

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