Caught in the surge: effects of a pulse of suspended sediments from agricultural run-off on Atlantic salmon smolts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Suspended sediments (SS) from agricultural run-off pose an increasing risk to Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) smolts, with unclear consequences to smoltification and seawater tolerance. We investigated how an environmentally relevant SS pulse affects migrating smolts. In a lab setting, smolts were exposed to an 11 h SS pulse at 0, 20, 60, and 100 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit) (∼0, 10, 50, and 80 mg/L total SS). Fish then recovered for 43 h in clean freshwater (mimicking completion of river migration), followed by a 24 h seawater challenge (mimicking marine entry). Exposure to SS induced rapid gill secondary lamellae thickening (up to 1.15-fold), elevated blood glucose (up to 1.5-fold) and a slight decrease in plasma chloride (up to 1.1-fold). Transient reductions in gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and blood hematocrit were observed after 5 h, possibly due to gill remodeling. Physiological recovery was observed after 43 h in clear freshwater, and seawater tolerance was unaffected. Overall, SS exposure could transiently affect the physiology of down-migrating Atlantic salmon smolts, but with limited impact on subsequent seawater tolerance under the tested conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".