Supplementation of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) restores biofilm biomass and benthic metabolism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Restoration of adult Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) populations can restore key ecological functions in nutrient-limited freshwater ecosystems. This study assessed the effects of marine-derived nutrients (MDNs) from spawning salmon on biofilm biomass and benthic metabolism in two adjacent watersheds, the Upper Salmon River (USR) and Point Wolfe River (PWR), located in and around Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada. Using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design, between 2015–2017 we monitored changes in biofilm growth, metabolism, and stable isotope signatures across upstream (reference) and downstream (treatment) sites in both rivers. Significant increases in biofilm biomass (up to 0.099 μg chlorophyll m −2 ) and net daily metabolism (up to 13.1 mg O₂ m⁻² d⁻¹) were observed at treatment sites in the USR where adult salmon were released. In contrast, no such increases occurred in reference sites, or the non-supplemented PWR. Stable isotope analysis confirmed MDN assimilation in biofilm and linked enriched δ¹ ³C and δ¹ ⁵N values to the presence of adult salmon. A mass balance nutrient model demonstrated that adult salmon, unlike juvenile stocking, deliver net nutrient gains to streams. This study provides the first empirical evidence for functional ecosystem recovery in Atlantic salmon rivers via adult supplementation, emphasizing the role of salmon as a keystone species and supporting their use in both demographic and ecological restoration efforts in the endangered inner Bay of Fundy population range. • Biofilm accrual increased significantly in areas receiving marine-derived nutrients. • Net daily metabolism also linked to spawner abundance and marine-derived nutrients. • Increased levels of biomass and productivity were maintained into the winter months. • Stable isotope analysis confirm increases directly linked to marine-derived nutrients. • Enhancement through mature adults contributes to recovery and ecological restoration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".