Ultrastructural aspects of mitochondrial translocation in colorectal cancer as a possible pathway of tumorigenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim. To study the ultrastructural features of rectal cancer cells and to detect signs of mitochondrial translocation from the tumor to the resection line area with an assessment of the possibility of the formation of new malignant cells. Materials and methods. The present study encompassed the data obtained from 44 patients with an average age of 66 (58–73) years, who underwent surgical intervention for rectal cancer T2–3N0M0 with differentiation grade G2. A portion of the tumor specimen and intestinal tissue along the resection line were preserved in a formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative solution. Standard methods of section preparation were employed. Sections were subsequently examined using a Jeol JEM-1011 electron microscope (JEOL Inc., Japan). Results. The ultrastructure of rectal adenocarcinoma was characterized by a high density of arrangement and varying sizes and shapes of tumor cells with a large nucleus and deep invaginations of the nuclear membrane, as well as an accumulation of multiple mitochondria at one of the cell poles. The process of pinching off a cytoplasmic fragment, which was found to be densely packed with mitochondria, was observed. This phenomenon was subsequently identified as a mitochondriome. Following this observation, the mitochondria were found to have translocated into healthy intestinal tissues along the resection line. Electron diffraction data revealed the active movement of mitochondria in the form of small spheroids and mitovesicles along the boundaries of the multilayer structure of the rectal submucosa, and subsequent fusion into large organelles capable of implementing nuclear synthesis from transported mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. We observed the presence of individual nuclear structures in conjunction with groups of mitochondria, followed by the self-assembly of abnormal cells. Conclusion. The ultrastructural analysis of rectal adenocarcinoma indicates the need for mitochondrial translocation to free up intracellular space and prevent the metabolic threat of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in tumor cells. It also points to the key role of mitochondria in initiating tumor energy and information transfer as leaders of these processes. This observation suggests the possibility of early recurrence and metastasis in rectal cancer cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".