Rice Ethylene Receptors Function as Ca²⁺-Permeable Ion Channels to Orchestrate Calcium-Dependent Antagonism of Ethylene Responses in Roots
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY The gaseous phytohormone ethylene governs essential plant processes spanning development, productivity, and stress resistance. As an essential nutrient and second messenger, calcium (Ca 2+ ) is widely implicated in diverse plant physiological activities; however, its role in the ethylene signal transduction pathway remains elusive. Here, we identified a calcium-dependent antagonism of ethylene response (CAER) specifically modulates root elongation in the model cereal rice ( Oryza sativa ). Interestingly, we demonstrate that the ethylene receptors OsERS1 and OsERS2 both function as Ca 2+ -permeable channels, with OsERS1 further acting as a non-selective cation channel capable of permeating both monovalent and divalent cations. Mutagenesis analysis reveals that OsERS1 channel activity relies on homomeric assembly sites (C4/C6) rather than its ethylene-binding site (C65), indicating a clear decoupling of the molecular modules governing receptor signaling and ion channel function. The loss-of-function mutant Osers1/2 does not exhibit the CAER phenotype of the wild type (WT), confirm that this calcium-dependent regulatory mechanism is dependent on both OsERS1 and OsERS2. These findings uncover an unexpected ion-channel function of ethylene receptors, redefining their molecular identity beyond canonical signaling proteins and establishing the novel “hormone receptor-type ion channel (HRIC)” paradigm—one that fundamentally expands our understanding of how plant hormones transduce signals at the membrane.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".