Enhanced properties of eco-friendly epoxy composites with Luffa acutangula and sawdust reinforcement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hybrid epoxy composites were reinforced with a constant 20 wt% of Luffa acutangula fiber (LAF) and varying Sal wood sawdust (SWD) content ranging from 0 to 25 wt%. The evaluation covered mechanical properties including tensile, flexural, impact strengths, hardness, and water absorption behavior. Results indicated a notable enhancement in all mechanical properties up to 15 wt% SWD, with a slight reduction observed beyond this point. The composite with 20LAF/15SWD exhibited superior performance, achieving tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of 46 MPa, 66 MPa, and 3.12 J, respectively. Shore D hardness and water absorption tests confirmed increased material rigidity and decreased moisture affinity up to the 15 wt% SWD level. Scanning electron microscopy revealed improved fiber–matrix bonding and homogeneous filler distribution at the optimal formulation. These findings highlight the potential of combining Luffa acutangula fiber and sawdust as sustainable reinforcements for high-performance biocomposites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".