Variable delay affects conversational turn-taking behavior in the presence of background noise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have observed that the duration and variability of floor-transfer offsets (FTO) increase when communication becomes more difficult, such as in the presence of background noise. Additionally, talkers have been shown to adapt their communication behavior when difficulty is increased only for their conversational partner. This study aims to examine whether changes in the timing of FTOs are utilized as a cue by talkers to determine if their partner(s) are experiencing difficulty in communication. A real-time processing system was implemented to randomly vary the delay in a communication line between two talkers so as to alter the duration and variability of FTOs perceived by both talkers. The findings, based on dyadic conversations taking place in both the presence and absence of background noise, with and without delay, reveal that the manipulation of perceived FTO timing does elicit behavioral changes, but only when background noise is also present. This suggests that, when there is an expectation of difficulty, the timing of FTOs may be used as a cue to infer the difficulty level of a conversational partner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".