Perceptions, Impacts, and Adaptation to Climate Change Among Farmers in Jumla District, Nepal: A Community Survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the perceptions, impacts, and adaptation strategies of rural households in Jumla District, Nepal, in the context of climate change.A structured survey of 56 households conducted in March to June 2025 revealed that most respondents were male-headed (69.6%),Chhetri ethnicity (62.5%), and primarily engaged in agriculture (69.6%), with low educational attainment (23.2% illiterate and 42.9% primary level).Apple was the dominant crop (69.6%), yet all households reported yield declines and altered crop calendars due to observed climatic changes, including rising temperatures (100%), erratic rainfall (100%), and reduced snowfall (92.8%).Agricultural productivity was further constrained by fungal diseases such as late blight in potato (80%), papery bark canker in apple (64.1%), and anthracnose in beans (61.5%).Beyond agriculture, 85.71% of households collected medicinal plants, mainly Yarshagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) (58.33%), though 85.41% reported reduced availability.Correlation analysis indicated strong linkages between climate change awareness, declining medicinal plant availability, reduced household income, and increased migration, while education was associated with greater awareness and reduced reliance on migration.Migration was universal, with temporary movement dominating to Kathmandu, Surkhet, and Nepalgunj, largely for education and market opportunities.These findings highlight a feedback loop where climate change reduces resources, undermines income, and compels migration, underscoring the need for integrated adaptation strategies to strengthen resilience in high-altitude farming systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".