The influence of captivity on cardiac structure and function across age, in rhesus macaques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Captive non-human primates are widely used as models of human aging, yet the conditions they live in differ markedly from their naturalistic environment. Differences between captive and free-ranging environments may impact how the cardiovascular system adapts with age, potentially confounding studies of natural aging. This study characterized age-related cardiac phenotypes in free-ranging rhesus macaques and compared these patterns with their captive-housed counterparts to assess the influence of living environment on cardiac health across the lifespan. Methodology: , aged 7 - 25 years, 41 % female) living on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. First, we compared structural and functional cardiac parameters between young (7 - 12 years; n = 48, 60% female) and old (18-26 years, n = 33, 42% female) free-ranging macaques. We then performed an ANCOVA, with age as a covariate, to compare cardiac structural and functional parameters between free-ranging and captive-housed macaques (n = 347, aged 7 - 32 years, 71% female). Results: In our free-ranging cohort, older macaques had greater interventricular septal thickness and relative wall thickness (RWT) than young. Males exhibited larger left ventricular (LV) internal dimensions, wall thickness, LV mass, and LV volumes than females, but these differences were attenuated when indexed to body mass. Diastolic function was lower with advanced age in both sexes, reflected by a lower E/A ratio, reduced myocardial tissue velocities during early diastole (e') and greater myocardial tissue velocities during atrial contraction (a'). Compared with captive macaques, free-ranging animals exhibited better diastolic function, including a significantly higher E/A ratio, greater e', and lower a'. Captive macaques also had significantly greater relative wall thickness across age and between sexes. Conclusions and implications: Our study provides the first comprehensive characterization of age-related cardiac differences in free-ranging rhesus macaques, which show structural and functional cardiac differences similar to those observed with human aging. Captive macaques exhibited a more pronounced age-related cardiac phenotype than their free-ranging counterparts, including thicker left ventricular walls and lower diastolic function for a given age. These findings highlight the importance of considering the ecological context when interpreting animal models of cardiovascular aging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".