Confounding factors affect hemocyte responses of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis upon foodborne exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics of three sizes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Information regarding the impact of nanoplastics (NPs, ≤ 1 μm) on marine organisms is insufficient. This work aimed to investigate the differential toxicity of three sizes of polystyrene (PS) NPs (50, 200 and 1000 nm) on the hemocytes and condition index (CI) of sentinel marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis . Mussels were dietarily exposed for 7 days through microalgae to PS at a low dose (LD: 10 3 NPs/mL) and a high dose (HD: 10 8 NPs/mL of 50 and 200 nm NPs, and 10 6 NPs/mL of 1000 nm NPs). Each experiment (E) was performed twice, as follows: E1 and E4 for 50 nm PS NPs, E2 and E5 for 200 nm PS NPs and E3 and E6 for 1000 nm PS NPs. Despite the six experiments were run in less than a month, there were significant differences between the independent experiments of the different sizes of PS NPs. No differences in CI were found within each experiment, but differences were observed between independent experiments, possibly due to the spawning events observed during the acclimation of mussels of E3-E4. Similarly, a higher ROS production occurred in hemocytes of control mussels of E3-E4 compared to E1-E2 and E5-E6. But no differences in ROS were recorded in NPs treatments compared to controls within experiments. Cell viability of control hemocytes decreased in E3-E4 and E5-E6 in comparison to E1-E2. This could mask the size-dependent response to the NPs, as in E1 hemocytes showed lower viability and phagocytic activity than those from control mussels, but not in E4. Similarly, hemocytes of mussels exposed to HD in E2 showed lower viability than controls, but the contrary was observed in E5. In conclusion, a trend for size-dependent effects on mussel hemocytes was observed. However, hemocyte responses varied along time, possibly due to seasonal variations in mussels physiology connected with the gametogenic cycle. • Mussels were dietarily exposed 7d to 50, 200 and 1000 nm PS NPs in duplicate, twice. • 50 nm NPs caused the largest impact affecting hemocytes viability and phagocytosis. • 200 nm PS NPs caused a decrease in hemocytes cell viability. • No detrimental effect was observed in hemocytes of mussels exposed to 1000 nm NPs. • Responses changed overtime, possibly due to seasonal changes in mussels' physiology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".