Evaluation of the efficacy of membrane bioreactor in removing hexavalent chromium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chromium is a hazardous metallic element with poisonous, mutagenic, and cancer‐causing properties. The negative impacts also affect microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans. The primary focus of this research is to examine how hexavalent chromium can be eliminated using a semi‐industrial scale membrane bioreactor (SIS‐MBR). A system consisting of flat sheet and hollow fibre polyethersulphone membranes, with a capacity of 120 L, was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of eliminating carbonaceous pollutants at different concentrations of Cr(VI). The research demonstrated that a flat sheet membrane bioreactor efficiently eliminated an average of 99.1% of chromium from wastewater within 24 h. The removal rate was notably higher than the 95.9% average removal achieved by a hollow fibre membrane when treating a concentration of 10 mg/L of Cr(VI). The presence of hexavalent chromium at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg/L does not impact the elimination of carbonaceous pollutants. However, there is a slight decrease in COD removal efficiency when the Cr(VI) concentration reaches 50 mg/L. The study validated the feasibility of chromium removal using the SIS‐MBR equipment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".