Dual-metallic site regulation boosts charge storage in zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHCs) are compelling candidates for next-generation energy storage owing to their intrinsic safety, low cost, and high power density. However, their practical implementation remains hindered by the limited energy density of traditional carbon-based cathodes. Here, we rationally design porous carbon nanofibers embedded with atomically dispersed Zn and Fe dual-metal sites (ZnFe/PCNFs), synthesized via electrospinning followed by controlled carbonization. The introduction of Fe modulates the local electronic structure of Zn centers, thereby facilitating enhanced d -orbital hybridization and stronger ion adsorption through the formation of ZnFeN 6 coordination motifs. Coupled with high surface area and hierarchical porosity, these atomic-level interactions facilitate exceptional ion accessibility and rapid charge-transfer kinetics. As a cathode for ZIHCs, ZnFe/PCNFs deliver a specific capacity of 213 mAh g -1 , exceptional high-rate capability, and long-term cycling stability over 20000 cycles. This work elucidates mechanisms of dual-metal atomic coordination and provides a robust design strategy for high-performance, durable aqueous energy storage systems. Porous carbon nanofibers embedded with atomically dispersed Zn and Fe bimetallic sites (ZnFe/PCNFs) are developed for high-performance zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors. The unique ZnFeN 6 configuration, combined with high specific surface area, porous architecture, and heteroatom functionalities, facilitates efficient ion adsorption and charge transfer, delivering outstanding electrochemical performance. • ZnFeN6 in ZnFe/PCNFs boosts Zn2+/anion adsorption and charge kinetics. • Hierarchical porous structure of ZnFe/PCNFs enables ultrafast ion diffusion. • In ZnFe/PCNFs, Fe regulates Zn’s electronic structure to enhance ion storage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it