Discovery and description of the hospicidal first instar of <i>Epeolus americanus</i> (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a cleptoparasite of <i>Colletes consors mesocopus</i> Swenk (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A host-cleptoparasite association is newly confirmed between the solitary bee Colletes consors mesocopus Swenk (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) and its cuckoo bee Epeolus americanus (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Females of E. americanus were observed entering the nests of C. consors mesocopus in June 2020 at a clay pit in Meadow Creek, British Columbia. Unearthed brood cells revealed four Epeolus first instars, one of which was DNA barcoded and thereby identified as E. americanus. The first instar of this species is for the first time described and imaged. Additionally, observations of nest-seeking behavior by E. americanus, a description of the host nest architecture, and brood cell contents are presented and discussed in the context of what is known from studies of other species of Colletes and Epeolus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".