Discovery and description of the hospicidal first instar of <i>Epeolus americanus</i> (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a cleptoparasite of <i>Colletes consors mesocopus</i> Swenk (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A host-cleptoparasite association is newly confirmed between the solitary bee Colletes consors mesocopus Swenk (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) and its cuckoo bee Epeolus americanus (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Females of E. americanus were observed entering the nests of C. consors mesocopus in June 2020 at a clay pit in Meadow Creek, British Columbia. Unearthed brood cells revealed four Epeolus first instars, one of which was DNA barcoded and thereby identified as E. americanus. The first instar of this species is for the first time described and imaged. Additionally, observations of nest-seeking behavior by E. americanus, a description of the host nest architecture, and brood cell contents are presented and discussed in the context of what is known from studies of other species of Colletes and Epeolus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".