First record of the oriental chestnut gall wasp, <i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i> Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Oriental Chestnut Gall Wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), originally from China, has become established in several other Asian countries, the USA, and Europe where it is parasitized by various species of Chalcidoidea that normally exploit oak gall wasps (Aebi et al. 2007).In the USA, D. kuriphilus was first recorded in 1974 and has been found in 10 states as far north as Pennsylvania and Ohio, on two Nearctic species of Castanea: C. dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen, and C. pumila Miller (Dixon et al. 1986;Anagnostakis 1997;Warmund 2009).Viggiani and Nugnes (2010) described and illustrated the larva.Numerous other Nearctic species are assigned to Dryocosmus (Burks 1979), the most recently described on Chrysolepis spp.(Buffington and Morita 2009).We record for the first time the presence of D. kuriphilus in Canada and illustrate the adult and leaves with galls (Figs.123456789).The galls (Figs.8,9) on a Chinese chestnut tree, C. mollissima Blume, had been collected in Niagara-on-the-Lake and submitted for identification to the National Identification Service, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa (CNC).The twigs were placed in a rearing cage and one Dryocosmus specimen eventually emerged.Because no identified material of this species for comparison was in the CNC and there is no North American key to species of Dryocosmus they could only be tentatively identified by us as D. kuriphilus.Photographs were sent for identification to a specialist in Hungary and he confirmed that the genus was correct, and the species was almost certainly D. kuriphilus.The actual specimen was sent to a specialist in USA who confirmed that it is indeed this species.Another specimen, a species of Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), was found crawling about on the outside of the rearing cage and was collected.Presumably, it also emerged from the galls and found its way out of the cage (which had a narrow gap at the top) but there is a faint possibility that it came through an open window from elsewhere and not from the D. kuriphilus galls.Photographs of the Torymus were sent to a specialist in Czech Republic and he identified the species as the widespread, polyphagous species, T. tubicola (Osten Sacken) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".