Phyllodromia melanocephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Empididae: Hemerodromiinae) newly established in the Nearctic Region and first record of Toxonevra muliebris (Harris) (Diptera: Pallopteridae) from mainland North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Empididae (Diptera), or dance flies, are a commonly encountered family in humid to moist environs worldwide.The subfamily Hemerodromiinae, with their distinctive raptorial forelegs, include an aquatic lineage (Hemerodromiini) with life stages associated with lotic habitats and a terrestrial lineage (Chelipodini) with life stages mostly associated with the humid undergrowth of forested regions (MacDonald 1993;Plant 2011).In North America, the Chelipodini are represented by the genus Chelipoda Macquart, with seven species in eastern and southern North America and one species extending into British Columbia (MacDonald 1993).Chelipoda is a rather distinctive empidid, characterized by its yellow colour, raptorial forelegs, arista-like antennal stylus and unbranched radial wing vein (R 4+5 ).The genus is readily collected using sweep nets and yellow pan traps (McDonald 1993).In North America, Chelipoda includes species with the discal medial (dm) cell of the wing absent or present (MacDonald 1993; Sinclair et al. 2023: 97).In Europe, however, species in which cell dm is present are assigned to Chelipoda whereas species in which cell dm is absent are assigned to the genus Phyllodromia Zetterstedt (Fig. 1).This note reports the first Nearctic records of the Palearctic hemerodromiine Phyllodromia melanocephala (Fabricius).The specimens were found on yellow sticky traps set out near Delta, British Columbia, Canada.This fly is widespread across Europe, including European Russia and Western Siberia (Shamshev 2016).The dark stripe along the posteroventral side of the fore femur and male terminalia readily distinguishes this species from the two eastern Nearctic species of Chelipoda with similar wing venation (Figs 1, 2) (see also Collin 1961: 692).Yellow sticky Pherocon® traps are routinely received by the author from plant pest surveys in southern British Columbia (Canada) (Fig. 3), specifically surveying for blueberry maggot flies, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Tephritidae).Several hundred specimens of P. melanocephala were first observed on two sticky traps (Figs 2, 3) removed from a blueberry farm field on July 18, 2023 (49.111375, -123.02567).Two additional traps from the same
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".