NON-O BLOOD TYPE IS RISK FACTOR FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM IN ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA PATIENTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients with a non-O blood type are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) based on data from large non-orthopaedic studies. The association between non-O blood type and major provoked VTE, including symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) following major orthopaedic surgery is less well defined, especially in trauma patients with different injury types. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare blood group and VTE incidence in trauma patients who required surgical treatment. Consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for acute acetabular, pelvic, hip, femur, or humerus fractures at a Level 1 trauma centre were included from several prospective cohort studies. Exclusion criteria were prior VTE, pre-injury therapeutic anticoagulation, or pregnancy. Following informed or surrogate consent, patients underwent blood work that included blood typing and patients were followed for 3-months post-operatively. All patients received low-molecular weight-heparin (LMWH) thromboprophylaxis for 14 days post-operatively for upper extremity injuries, or 28 days for pelvic or lower extremity injuries. VTE was defined as symptomatic and image-confirmed PE or DVT, or asymptomatic DVT found on screening Doppler ultrasound on postoperative day three. T-tests, chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used to compare between those with and without VTE and logistic regression was used to evaluate potential risk factors for VTE. A total of 268 patients were included in this pre-planned analysis. There was a total of 13 VTE events (4.9%) in this cohort. There were no differences in age and sex between those with and without VTE (Table 1). Compared with type-O blood type, type-A blood carried a 16-fold increased risk for VTE, type-B carried a 17-fold, and type AB carried at 61-fold increased risk for VTE (Table 2). Sustaining an acetabular fracture was associated with the highest VTE risk, based on fracture type (Table 2). This study supports that non-O blood type is associated with a higher risk of provoked VTE following major orthopaedic fracture requiring surgical intervention. Further investigation, including von Willebrand factor and factor VIII levels, is warranted to better understand this relationship. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".