First record of <i>Lilioceris lilii</i> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) eggs in a wild population of <i>Streptopus amplexifolius</i> (Liliaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the Lily Leaf Beetle, is an invasive European species first found at Montreal, Canada, in the 1940s (Gold et al. 2001).It is a serious pest of cultivated Lilium spp.and Fritillaria spp.(Liliaceae) and has spread across southern Canada and northeastern United States (LeSage 1983;Gold et al. 2001).The beetle also poses a threat to native lilies in Ontario and Quebec, including Canada Lily, Lilium canadense L., and Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum L. (Ernst et al. 2007;Bouchard et al. 2008).In fact, in Ontario and Quebec eight out of 20 wild populations of L. canadense were infested with L. lilii (Bouchard et al. 2008).There are also records of L. lilii adults feeding on plants in other liliaceous genera, e.g., Polygonatum (Temperé 1926;Fox Wilson 1942), Streptopus (Ernst 2007), as well as genera in other families, e.g., Solanum (Solanaceae) (Temperé 1926).Kealey (2013) investigated Claspleaf Twistedstalk, Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. (Liliaceae), as a potential novel host of L. lilii.Streptopus amplexifolius occurs in rich moist coniferous and deciduous woods in all provinces and territories in Canada and all adjacent states of the USA (Anonymous 2013).This native plant flowers from late spring until mid-summer.Streptopus amplexifolius leaves were offered to L. lilii larvae to determine survivorship and development time.Leaves of S. amplexifolius were collected from a wild population growing in Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada (45.491 o N 75.863o W).Infestations of L. lilii were recently reported in urban areas south of Gatineau Park, but no known L. lilii populations are established within the Park nor on any wild populations of S. amplexifolius (Cappuccino 2013).During a routine collection of S. amplexifolius plants for laboratory tests on June 25, 2013, a row of three L. lilii eggs (Fig. 1) was discovered on the underside of a wild S. amplexifolius leaf.Surrounding plants were searched for more eggs, though none were discovered, nor was any obvious feeding damage by adults or larvae observed.The S. amplexifolius leaf with the L. lilii egg mass was carefully removed from the stem and transported to the laboratory.The eggs were left undisturbed, and the leaf was placed on
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".