Pheromone races of <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i> Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) infesting grain corn in Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec provinces of Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), European corn borer, is an economic pest of Zea mays (Linnaeus) (Poaceae) and other vegetable crops that is distributed throughout the agricultural production regions of Ontario, Québec, and Manitoba in Canada. Two phenotypic races of O. nubilalis have been identified that differ in the proportion of isomers of 11-tetradecenyl acetate (11-14:OAc) in their sex pheromone. The Z-race (Z-11-14:OAc) is the predominant race in the United States of America, known to inhabit Zea mays as its primary host, whereas the E-race (E-11-14:OAc) infests a wider host range, including many vegetable crops, and is only found within the Eastern coastal states of the United States of America. Collections of O. nubilalis were made from grain corn in agricultural regions of Ontario, Québec, and Manitoba in 1997, 2008, 2009, and 2010, and females were analyzed for pheromone race using gas chromatography (GC). Only Z-race O. nubilalis were found in Ontario (from Essex to Leeds and Grenville Counties) and in Southern Manitoba. E-race individuals were detected in collections from Ottawa, Ontario and St. Anicet, Québec, with an increasing proportion of E-race phenotypes in samples from west to east. This is the first report of pheromone race determination using GC among Canadian O. nubilalis populations and the first documentation of E-race O. nubilalis in Canada using GC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".