<i>Pyrrhocoris apterus</i> L. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), a newly introduced family, genus, and species to Ontario and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The family Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera: Pentatomomorpha) has a widespread range, having its greatest diversity in the tropics yet also containing members endemic to the Holarctic region (Schuh and Slater 1995), although none are native to Canada.Dysdercus Gurin-Mneville (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), which includes the economically important cotton stainers, is the only pyrrhocorid genus with members native to the new World, but is chiefly tropical and more diverse in the Old World (Schaefer 2015).One species has been recorded from as far north as South Carolina and Georgia, USa (Henry 1988a).Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), commonly known as the European firebug, linden bug, or red soldier bug, is found natively throughout Europe and neighbouring regions of asia.Pyrrhocoris apterus has also been recorded historically from Costa Rica (distant 1880-1893) and reported in new Jersey, USa in 1896 (Barber 1911; Henry 1988a), though it was not considered established in north america until it was found in Utah, USa in 2008 (Hodgson 2008).This paper will describe the first account of P. apterus, and the family Pyrrhocoridae, in Canada, with evidence that the species has become locally established.The first author first noticed P. apterus in a backyard in Etobicoke, Ontario near the intersection of Martin Grove Road and The Westway (4341'n 7934'W) in august 2017.an adult was photographed on 13 august 2017 (Fig. 1) and a nymph was photographed on 30 august 2017 (Fig. 2).While they were identified as P. apterus at that time, their importance was not noted until early 2018, when these photographs were submitted to the citizen science project inaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/).it was then realized that these records would be the first in Canada.To determine whether the population had established in the area, the leaf litter surrounding potential host plants on the property was searched for overwintering adults (Hodek 1968).Several live specimens were collected on 3 March 2018 and 5 March 2018 under leaf litter near perennial roses of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus L., Malvaceae), and under leaf litter where an annual mallow (Malva sylvestris L., Malvaceae) grew the previous year.Overwintering adults were photographed on 23 March 2018 (Fig. 3), and a more thorough
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".