Lake sturgeon behavioral diversity in the Laurentian great lakes: migratory patterns across populations and habitats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Characterizing the diversity of migration behaviors from the individual to the population level is essential for understanding how organisms respond to environmental variation and how these responses affect survival and habitat use. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) is a species of special concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes that are long-lived and generally classified as intermittent, adfluvial spawners. Observations of lake sturgeon movements at ecologically relevant spatiotemporal scales have shown that migration behavior often varies among individuals within the same population. However, studies on individual populations, particularly when focused only on a part of the life cycle (e.g., often spawning), provide just a partial understanding of the species' full migratory scope and processes underlying expression of different migratory behaviors. To better understand lake sturgeon migratory diversity, we characterized and compared migratory behaviors of six lake sturgeon populations occupying environments that varied in habitat availability and connectivity in different Laurentian Great Lakes. METHODS: Sequence analysis combined with agglomerative hierarchical clustering and visual inspection of daily location data were used to identify distinct lake sturgeon migratory behaviors present in each population. RESULTS: Seven distinct migratory behaviors were identified based on differential patterns of lake and river use that encompass spawning and other seasonal periods. Behaviors were categorized as annual spring river, intermittent spring river, intermittent two-step, annual summer river, annual winter river, and annual interlake migrants along with river residents. The presence and frequency of migratory behaviors varied substantially among populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that migratory diversity is a general feature of lake sturgeon life history that may be partially shaped by habitat availability and connectivity. Given these results, we propose a conceptual model that links habitat availability and connectivity to migratory diversity and predict a positive association between them. This updated framework provides a cohesive basis for understanding lake sturgeon migratory behavior across variable ecological contexts in the Laurentian Great Lakes and will help promote future research to refute or refine the model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".