Conceptualizing the Application of Project-Based Learning in Innovation and Entrepreneurship Courses in China: An Activity Theory Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in higher education has garnered significant attention globally, yet limited research explores its application in the context of innovation and entrepreneurship education in China. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities of implementing PBL in Chinese innovation and entrepreneurship courses through the lens of Engeström’s Activity Theory. Semi-structured interviews with faculty members reveal key tensions, including cultural differences in educational philosophies, inconsistent use of digital tools, and the absence of standardized evaluation frameworks. In response, strategic recommendations such as cultural adaptation, shared digital resources, and a phased PBL framework are proposed. These findings highlight the importance of cultural sensitivity, structured flexibility, and academic leadership in optimizing PBL implementation. The study offers valuable insights for curriculum design, pedagogical strategies, and institutional policies aimed at enhancing student engagement and entrepreneurial preparedness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".