Religion, Diversity and Outgroup Tolerance Across 79 Countries: The ‘Homogenizing’ Role of Heterogeneity
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although a large body of research addresses the relationship between ethnic diversity and social tolerance, little is known about the role of religious diversity. Using mixed models fitted to World Values Survey data and national statistics from 79 countries, we examine how outgroup tolerance relates to religious identity and country-level religious diversity. We demonstrate three noteworthy findings: religious minorities are generally more tolerant than the majority population, regardless of religious diversity; tolerance is positively related to diversity; and the diversity–tolerance relationship is strongest for the majority population. Consistent with contact theory, these findings suggest that knowledge of outgroups plays a crucial role in shaping attitudes towards them. As members of an outgroup, minorities are more likely to understand outgroup disadvantage. Relative to the majority population, minorities are thus more tolerant of other minority groups, especially when diversity is low. In highly diverse societies, minority groups receive more exposure and knowledge of them increases, resulting in both minorities and the majority population being more tolerant of them.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it