Bibliographic record
Abstract
Political and public extremism is present in many facets of everyday life. This is no different in professional sport, where fans embolden themselves as a collective unit of a particular commonality: the team, country, or political structures. Fan extremism represents the collectivization of political extremism, where fans use sport to justify public displays of far-right ideologies, racism, and bigotry under the guise of hooliganism. This review explores the early roots of the relationship between 20th-century fascism, how dictators manipulated football across Europe, the growth of football extremism in counterculture across multiple European countries with or without a direct history of fascist leaders, and its manifestation in 21st-century society. Research demonstrates that fan extremism is prevalent in both countries that were ruled by fascist dictators and countries ruled by oppressive Communist authoritarians whose people fought against socialism with fascist ideology, thus raising the question for further research: Is past or current authoritarian rule, either fascist or far-left, a required step in the development and proliferation of far-right extremism in sport?
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".