Hybrid biocomposites based on PLA/pine fiber/CaCO <sub>3</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, hybrid biocomposites based on polylactic acid (PLA) with (0–40 %) pine fiber (F) and (0–40 %) CaCO 3 (C) were first compounded by twin-screw extrusion, followed by compression molding to determine their properties in terms of tension, bending, and impact, as well as fluidity. In general, adding fillers resulted in improved tensile and flexural modulus (60–105 %) compared to neat PLA. These results were used to optimize the formulation and produce cutlery via injection molding. These samples were further characterized using SEM, FTIR, DSC, and TGA to obtain additional information. SEM images showed that micronized CaCO 3 treated with stearic acid promoted their adhesion with the PLA matrix, as confirmed by FTIR. On the other hand, DSC results showed that the presence of fiber and/or particles had a negligible effect on the transition temperatures (Tg and Tm), but the PLA crystallinity was modified. Finally, the production of cutlery was successfully carried out using optimized formulations and processing conditions, confirming that these materials can be utilized in various food applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".