A review of the species of Eugaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) occurring in North America, with the description of a new species mining leaves of floating marshpennywort (Araliaceae: Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The species of Eugaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) occurring in North America are reviewed, with DNA barcoding data provided for each. Larvae of E. floridensis Malloch mine in leaves and other tissues of arrowheads (Alismataceae: Sagittaria Ruppius ex L. spp.) throughout the eastern USA and southeastern Canada. The subspecies E. floridensis vittatus Sabrosky, new synonym, is no longer considered a distinct form. Previously confused with E. floridensis, E. hydrocotyles Eiseman, new species, is a leaf and stem miner of floating marshpennywort (Araliaceae: Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f.), and suspected of being a recentimmigrant from South America. The known distribution of the new species based on examined specimens is limited to the USA, from Florida to Texas north to North Carolina and Ohio, but leaf mines have been documented as far north as New Jersey (USA) and Ontario (Canada). Similar species of uncertain identity occurring in Mexico and South America are discussed. Eugaurax is now known from a total of 11 New World species, four of which belong to the E. quadrilineatus (Williston) complex, which requires further study to resolve species limits. This complex, which is easily distinguished from E. floridensis and E. hydrocotyles, is discussed briefly; it occurs in the southeastern USA (Florida to North Carolina and Louisiana) and Mexico, as well as in Central and South America and the Caribbean. Specimens of the E. quadrilineatus complex were apparently reared from eggplant (Solanaceae: Solanum melongena L.) in Florida nearly a century ago, but its larval biology and host range remain unknown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".