Sucrose or glucose compared to breast milk for pain control in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review/meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was to determine the efficacy of sucrose or glucose (SG) in preterm infants requiring heel lancing and venipuncture compared to breast milk or expressed breast milk (BM/EBM) for pain control and crying duration. Six RCTs (525 infants) comparing sucrose (24%) or glucose (30%, 10%, 25%) with BM/EBM were included. There was no difference between the alternatives in pain reduction at 30 s post-procedure measured with the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP/PIPP-R) scores (MD -0.95, 95% CI -2.43; 0.54, Low certainty evidence). SG reduced the crying duration (MD -6.88, 95%CI -11.42; -2.34, Moderate certainty evidence). There were no differences between SG and BM/EBM in heart rate change or adverse events. In conclusion, moderate certainty evidence suggests that SG may be superior to BM/EBM for reducing crying duration during heel lancing and venipuncture procedures, but not for reducing pain intensity measured with PIPP/PIPP-R. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of sucrose or glucose (SG) in preterm infants requiring heel lancing and venipuncture compared to breast milk or expressed breast milk (BM/EBM) for pain control and crying duration. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. RESULTS: Six RCTs (525 infants) comparing sucrose (24%) or glucose (30%, 10%, 25%) with BM/EBM. There was no difference between the alternatives in pain reduction at 30 s post-procedure measured with the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP/PIPP-R) scores (MD -0.95, 95% CI -2.43; 0.54, Low certainty evidence). SG reduced the crying duration (MD -6.88, 95%CI -11.42; -2.34, Moderate certainty evidence). There were no differences between SG and BM/EBM in heart rate change or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate certainty evidence suggests that SG may be superior to BM/EBM for reducing crying duration during heel lancing and venipuncture procedures, but not for reducing pain intensity measured with PIPP/PIPP-R.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.019 | 0.033 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".