Siderophore-mediated iron enrichment in the biofilm matrix enhances plant iron nutrition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant-beneficial microorganisms are frequently reported to enhance iron (Fe) nutrition in plants, yet the precise underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Although both bacterial siderophore production and biofilm formation are beneficial for microbial plant growth promotion, these two bacterial traits have been studied separately. Here, we reveal a strong coupling between these two bacterial traits in enhancing plant Fe uptake using the biofilm-forming rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis SQR9. We demonstrate that SQR9 biofilms accumulate Fe on plant roots and serve as an Fe reservoir. Crucially, the siderophore bacillibactin enables biofilm Fe accumulation from the environment, while simultaneously stimulating Fe acquisition mechanisms in plants. Field experiments confirmed the ability of SQR9 to boost crop yields in alkaline soils, highlighting its potential for improving iron-limiting plant performance. Our findings emphasize a key role of rhizobacterial siderophores and biofilms in Fe uptake and offer mechanistic insights for microbial biofortification strategies against Fe deficiency in crops.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".