Brain activation associated with a virtual decision-making task in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: An fMRI study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting motor control, motor learning, and coordination. This study investigates brain activation associated with a virtual decision-making task in children with and without DCD. METHODS: Twenty-two children with DCD and 22 neurotypical children completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, responding to a virtual task using controllers: (1) the direction to which a virtual person was travelling; and (2) how they would avoid the person. fMRI sequences included 3 blocks of 12 trials with 30 s of rest between blocks (i.e., 36 trials/task). Responses and neural activity during the tasks were compared between groups. RESULTS: Children with DCD had greater neural activation during the avoidance task in the visual cortices and right middle frontal gyrus compared to their peers (p = 0.0084). Neural activity during the person-direction task was not different between groups (p > 0.05). Children with DCD were less accurate at responding correctly to the person direction task compared to their peers (p = 0.028). Response time was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: Children with DCD require greater attentional resources to complete a decision-making task compared to NT children. This greater cognitive effort may be due to deficits in visuomotor processing in children with DCD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".