PADI2 exacerbates Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae-induced lung injury in sheep by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Macrophages are considered the first line of defence against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in sheep, and their polarization significantly affects lung tissue damage and remodelling. Here, we collected sheep bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 28 days after infection with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (MO). RNA-seq analysis revealed a significant increase in peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) expression in the MO group, and upregulated genes were significantly enriched in the "FoxO signalling pathway" and "AMPK signalling pathway". Immunohistofluorescence (IHF) staining revealed a significant increase in the number of macrophages, which were widely distributed in the alveolar cavity, in the MO infection group, and PADI2 was also positively expressed in the macrophages. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated in vitro, inhibiting the expression of PADI2 induced infected macrophages to polarize towards alternatively activated (AAM, M2) macrophages. Moreover, the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory gene IL10 and tissue repair-related genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor alpha (VEGFA), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) significantly increased. In an in vitro coculture system, inhibition of PADI2 expression in BMDMs reduced apoptotic and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in lung fibroblasts. Interestingly, correlation analysis between the tracheal MO load and PADI2 expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of naturally infected MO sheep revealed that the higher the MO load was, the greater the PADI2 expression. A dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that this process may be regulated by the transcription factor SP3. These results contribute to the understanding of the polarization state of macrophages after mycoplasma infection and to the preliminary exploration of PADI2 as an effective target to enhance host defence against MO infection. Targeting PADI2 to promote the polarization of M2 macrophages provides a promising approach for treating MO infection or preparing anti-Mycoplasma pneumonia gene-edited sheep.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".