Temporal dynamics of immune response following a single-dose PACAP administration in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved neuropeptide with multiple biological functions including immunomodulation. While well-studied in vertebrates, its effects in invertebrates like Litopenaeus vannamei remain largely unexplored. Given the shrimp industry's global economic importance and losses due to disease, understanding PACAP's role in shrimp immunity offers a promising avenue for enhancing aquaculture sustainability and productivity. The present study evaluates the immune response to a single PACAP injection, investigating whether an individual administration is able to trigger a significant immune response, and the potential detrimental effects related to the administration route. Thus, effects of native PACAP-38 (PACAP1) and its scrambled version (PACAP5), as well as saline solution (vehicle) injection, over time were evaluated on shrimp immune responses. Samples were collected at 0-, 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-hours posttreatment (hpt). Immune parameters such as the total number of circulating hemocytes (THC), the concentration of proteins, and hemagglutination and phenoloxidase activities, in the hemolymph were analyzed. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was conducted on hemocyte, gill, and hepatopancreas samples to evaluate the differential expression of immune-related genes. Results showed that the treatments triggered an early inflammatory response marked by reduced circulating hemocytes during the first 24 hpt. PACAP-treated groups recovered baseline hemocyte levels by 48 hpt, unlike the saline control, suggesting an immunomodulatory role for PACAP. Additionally, PACAP influenced the tissue-specific expression of key immune genes such as crustin , HSP70 and superoxide dismutase . Overall, both the injection procedure and/or the administration of saline negatively impacted the shrimp's immune status, an effect that was partially mitigated by PACAP treatment. Thus, further research needs to explore new routes of administration such as dietary inclusion or immersion baths, to optimize PACAP’s immunomodulatory potential in shrimp health management. • Both injection injury and saline administration triggered inflammation. • PACAP treatment promoted a faster recovery of total hemocyte count. • PACAP modulated crustin , SOD , and HSP70 gene expression in some immune tissues. • PACAP mitigated the detrimental immune effects of saline injection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".