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Record W4415634905 · doi:10.29173/cgs187

SQUARING A CIRCLE?

2025· article· en· W4415634905 on OpenAlex
Albert Caruana, Joseph Vella, Jirka Konietzny

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueCritical Gambling Studies · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicGambling Behavior and Treatments
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSustainabilityCorporate governanceCorporate social responsibilityLegitimacySocial sustainabilityCorporationPublishingLotteryQualitative research

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

State gambling organisations are monopolies, that increasingly proclaim a commitment to sustainability principles, however their profits come at a substantial social cost. Gambling raises an array of economic, social and ethical governance concerns. This study examines the evolution of sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices, and the growing trend of publishing annual sustainability reports. These aspects are considered within the literature on organisational legitimacy, and a framework of legitimacy-seeking strategies is identified. Qualitative research is utilised to analyse sustainability reports published during 2021-2022 by two state gambling monopolies: the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC) in Canada and Veikkaus in Finland. Using Leximancer software, content analysis identified key themes that can be linked to legitimacy strategies and gambling-related concerns. Findings suggest that while sustainability reports enhance organisational legitimacy, fundamental ethical and social challenges persist, requiring more deliberate managerial approaches.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.656
Threshold uncertainty score0.630

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.197
GPT teacher head0.524
Teacher spread0.327 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it