Muscle energetics and the cardiovascular response to isometric exercise and post-exercise circulatory occlusion following exercise-induced muscle damage: insights from multiparametric MRI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Skeletal muscles damaged by exercise exhibit disturbed energy metabolism and microvascular function for several days. However, it remains unclear whether these local changes might affect systemic cardiovascular responses to exercise. The present study aimed to investigate whether damaged muscles show changes in energy metabolism and oxygenation that influence systemic cardiovascular responses to exercise and post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). Methods A novel multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy approach was applied. Twelve healthy male participants completed assessments before and 48 h after 40 min of downhill running (20% decline). The assessments included muscle function, inflammation, and multi-parametric imaging at rest, exercise, and post-exercise occlusion using 31 P spectroscopy, 1 H- and muscle blood oxygen level-dependent imaging, and 23 Na + imaging to assess phosphate metabolism, oxygenation, and sodium disturbances. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the MRI sequences. Results Forty-eight hours after downhill running, muscle inflammation and Na + disturbances were evident (both p < 0.05). Muscle oxygenation was lower and inorganic phosphates were higher during exercise and PECO than at baseline (both p < 0.05). However, MAP and HR during exercise and PECO remained unchanged at 48 h compared with baseline. Conclusion Our multi-parametric MRI approach provides new insights into the local effects of muscle damage on energy metabolism, oxygenation, and Na + . Despite these local metabolic and microvascular disturbances, systemic cardiovascular responses, as indicated by MAP and HR, remained unchanged. These new findings suggest a dissociation between muscle metabolites, oxygenation, and the cardiovascular response to exercise and PECO 48 h after damaging exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".