Optic tectum size correlates positively with eye size across, but not within, populations of Asiatic toads along altitudinal gradients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Co-variation with functionally integrated sensory structures contributes to the size evolution of brain regions. In this study, we investigated co-variation between sizes of the optic tectum and eye of Asiatic toads ( Bufo gargarizans ) along altitudinal gradients. The relative sizes of both the optic tectum and eye decrease significantly along with increases in altitude. Furthermore, optic tectum size is positively correlated with eye size among populations ( p < 0.05, R 2 = 0.290), but not among individuals within each population, where natural selection occurs. The eye and optic tectum are likely subjected to parallel and independent local adaptation along altitudinal gradients that produce the correlative pattern; however, the pattern does not support functional integration and selection on their correlation. Eye size change may not have a significant impact on optic tectum evolution. Our study highlights the importance of cross-scale comparative analysis for inferring evolutionary processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".