Winter in the coastal ocean: Seasonal freezing causes seafloor expansion and contraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seafloor mapping in polar regions has led to the recognition of landforms associated with subsea permafrost. Despite recent studies indicating rapid subsea permafrost degradation, information on seasonal seafloor changes remains limited. Here, we use time-lapse multibeam bathymetry (2021-2024) and bottom-water temperature data to reveal seasonal formation and degradation of small frost blisters (5 meters wide and 20 to 50 centimeters high) as ice forms within surficial sediments. These frost blisters were degraded in October 2021 at depths of ≤25 meters but were widespread in July 2023. They thawed between July and November 2023, reformed over the following winter, and were present again in August 2024. Data from moored bottom-water sensors and sediment cores indicate that the formation and degradation of frost blisters are driven by seasonal temperature changes at depth and influenced by freshened porewater in surficial sediments. This study documents previously unrecognized seasonal expansion and contraction of the seafloor driven by freeze-thaw cycles of freshened porewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".