Sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarkers and their association with Aβ pathology on PET in cognitively unimpaired individuals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibits sex differences in prevalence, symptoms and risk factors. Understanding the effect of sex in AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and their association with amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology in preclinical stages have important implications for their use in prevention trials. The objective of this study was to examine sex differences in core AD CSF biomarkers used in early diagnosis and prevention trials, as well as in CSF biomarkers reflecting downstream pathophysiological mechanisms, and in their associations with Aβ pathology as measured by Positron Emission Tomography (PET). METHODS: Cognitively Unimpaired (CU) participants from the ALFA + (N = 400) and the WRAP/WADRC (N = 548) cohorts were included in the study. CSF biomarkers for core AD pathology (Aβ42, Aβ42/40, p-tau181/Aβ42, p-tau181, p-tau217 and p-tau231), neurodegeneration (NfL, t-tau), synaptic dysfunction (neurogranin, GAP-43, SNAP25, synaptotagmin-1, α-synuclein), glial reactivity (GFAP, S100B, sTREM2, YKL-40), neuroinflammation (IL-6, MCP-1), and vascular dysregulation (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) were measured. Participants underwent Aβ PET at baseline and follow-up visit. We used Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVA) to evaluate sex differences in CSF biomarker levels and performed sex-stratified Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses to test their performance to identify Aβ PET-positive individuals. Additionally, we run linear regression models to study the modifying effect of sex on the association of baseline CSF biomarkers with cross-sectional and longitudinal Aβ PET uptake. RESULTS: Men had higher CSF NfL, glial reactivity and vascular dysregulation biomarkers (Cohen's d ranging from -0.22 to -0.44, P < 0.05), and lower synaptic biomarkers (Cohen's d ranging from 0.18 to 0.30, P < 0.05) compared to women at baseline. There were no sex differences in the core AD CSF biomarkers' performance to identify Aβ PET-positive individuals (DeLong's test P values > 0.05), with CSF p-tau181/Aβ42 and p-tau217 showing the highest performance in both sexes (Areas Under the Curve (AUCs) ranging from 87.1 to 96.3). However, sex modified the associations of baseline CSF biomarkers with Aβ PET uptake, which were more pronounced in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that tailoring core AD CSF biomarkers by sex is not necessary for detecting Aβ PET positivity in CU individuals. However, sex differences in their association with Aβ deposition could influence their prognostic or monitoring applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".