Study of the influence of the composite-type nozzle design on the gas-dynamic characteristics of a gas jet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Today, numerous designs of the top-blowing nozzles and lances exist, but the challenge of improving top-blowing performance remains relevant. The paper (for the first time) studies the use of composite-type nozzles (consisting of a central cylindrical and annular outer part with a peripheral area of 25%, 50% and 75% of the total nozzle cross-sectional area) compared to Laval and cylindrical nozzles equivalent in cross-sectional area. It was found that the peripheral part has the greatest influence on the hydro-gas-dynamic characteristics of the experimental gas jets. At 25% of the peripheral part, the central structure of the ‘barrel’ chain and the interaction characteristics with the liquid are similar to jets flowing from Laval nozzles, but the liquid penetration depth is less. An increase in the peripheral fraction to 50% – 75% is characterised by the formation of jets with a complex central part, with even less penetration into the liquid, but with a wider crater than from a cylindrical nozzle, and with the absence of high splashes and the formation of a fine ‘mist’ of liquid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".