Inflammatory Cytokine Responses to 6 Wks of Increased Dairy Intake in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity–A Randomized Crossover Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dairy products are important sources of macro/micronutrients and contain bioactive components with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and musculoskeletal supporting properties. Few studies have assessed the short-term effect of consuming a variety of wholefood dairy products (as opposed to single foods/nutrients) on a range of interrelated inflammatory, metabolic, antioxidant and vascular outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To compare these physiological outcomes after 6 wks of a high mixed-dairy diet compared with 6 wks of a low dairy diet. METHODS: ] and pre-existing cardiometabolic disease risk factors completed two 6-wk dietary intervention conditions in random order (separated by a ≥4-wk washout); 1) a high-dairy (HD) diet (3 servings/d of a mix of low-fat milk, Skyr yogurt, full-fat cheddar cheese) and 2) their habitually low-dairy (LD) diet (≤1 serving/d). At baseline and then 6 wks later, fasted blood samples were collected, body composition was assessed, and vascular measurements were taken. RESULTS: After controlling for age, BMI, sequence and period, there were no condition∗time interactions for interleukin-6 (IL-6; primary endpoint); however, there were condition∗time interactions for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α; P = 0.042), and IL-4 (P = 0.026) such that they decreased and increased, respectively, on the HD diet compared with the LD diet. No other condition∗time interactions were observed for the other outcomes but we did observe sex∗condition interactions for IL-6 (P = 0.011), TNF-α (P < 0.001), triglycerides (P = 0.014), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.045), which were higher during the HD condition in males. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing mixed dairy product intake for 6 wks favorably modulated some cytokines in the absence of metabolic, vascular, body weight, or fat changes. Differences in biomarker concentrations in relation to dairy intake and/or exercise may also be influenced by sex; however, this should be further explored. Overall, increased dairy intake may help ameliorate inflammation in individuals with OW/OB and cardiometabolic dysfunction. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04902417.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".