Cases of child sexual abuse (Fi‘l-i Şenî‘) and punishments during the Tanzimat Era in the Ottoman Empire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: (sexual abuse) against children during the Tanzimat period using archival documents and scholarly literature, with the goal of revealing the punitive measures imposed on perpetrators. METHODS: The research employs qualitative methods, specifically document analysis. A keyword search using 'fiil-i şeni' in the database of the Ottoman Archives under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey yielded 29 relevant cases. The documents were examined with particular attention to maintaining semantic integrity on completion of the translation process. These cases were systematically tabulated in the findings section and analysed in the discussion section. RESULTS: between 1839 and 1876. Four of these cases occurred before the implementation of the 1858 Penal Code, while 25 were adjudicated based on the 1858 Ottoman Penal Code. In the majority of cases, punishment was imposed in accordance with Articles 197, 198, 199 and 200 of the code. CONCLUSION: punishment-entailing the chaining of offenders' feet and forcing them to perform hard labour-was prominent. This served both punitive and deterrent functions. With the enforcement of the 1858 Penal Code, the legal framework became more systematic and sexual crimes were more explicitly defined and categorised. In particular, Articles 197, 198, 199 and 200 determined the type and severity of punishment based on the nature of the crime, the victim's age and the perpetrator's relationship to the victim.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".