Characterization of chemically synthesized transition metal sulfides (MnS) thin films via pneumatic spray technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the structural and optical properties of manganese sulfide (MnS) thin film deposited on glass substrates at 250 °C using the pneumatic spray pyrolysis technique with a precursor concentration of 0.15 mol. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a mixed-phase structure comprising hexagonal γ-MnS and cubic α-MnS. The crystallite sizes were estimated using the Debye–Scherrer and Williamson–Hall methods. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of a chemical bond between manganese and sulfur. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a uniform, homogeneous surface with spherical grains, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Mn and S without detectable impurities. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed intergranular interactions. Optical measurements showed high transmittance (up to 67%), with an optical band gap of 2.87 eV and urbach energy of 0.38 eV. The results demonstrated that MnS thin film, prepared using pneumatic spray pyrolysis technique, exhibit promising potential for optoelectronic applications due to their favorable and diverse physical and optical properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".