Temperature-dependent behaviour and microstructure of fungus-treated carbonate sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates a bio-mediated reinforcement technique for carbonate sand using fungal mycelium, emphasising its temperature-dependent mechanical performance under elevated temperature conditions. Specimens composed of Pleurotus ostreatus, wheat bran, and carbonate sand are subjected to undrained triaxial shear tests at 20, 35, and 50 °C. The microstructural mechanisms underlying the thermal response are also analysed to support the interpretation of the strength behaviour. The results indicate that fungal treatment significantly enhances shear strength, reduces pore pressure accumulation, and raises dilative behaviour during shear. As the temperature increases, the mechanical response transitions from strain hardening to strain softening, with peak strength and stiffness increasing by approximately 20%. With rising temperature, the strength parameters exhibit a reduction in cohesion and an increase in internal friction angle, indicating a shift from bonding-dominated to friction-dominated behaviour. Thermal exposure induced hyphal shrinkage and fusion, enhancing interparticle bonding through the formation of adhesive bridges. These changes reduce surface porosity and pore circularity by over 50%, contributing to matrix densification and enhanced stability. These findings demonstrate that fungal mycelium enables thermally resilient, low-carbon ground improvement, particularly in tropical, coastal, and carbonate-rich environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".