Differential Regulation of Cholecystokinin Production by Synthetic and Natural Glucocorticoids in Enteroendocrine Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic stress often causes abnormal eating behavior and metabolism due at least in part to the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in increases glucocorticoids secretion. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an anorexic gut hormone secreted from enteroendocrine I cells and controls digestion through the gastric emptying and digestive enzyme secretion. In the present study, we highlighted the function of glucocorticoids in CCK-producing cells with enteroendocrine model cell lines and male Wistar rats. We found that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) are expressed in STC-1 cells known as an I cell model line. Synthetic (dexamethasone; DEX) and endogenous (corticosterone; CORT) glucocorticoids reduced CCK transcription in STC-1 cells. Depolarization-induced CCK secretion was attenuated by both glucocorticoids, whereas dietary peptide-induced CCK secretion was enhanced by acute CORT treatment. DEX and CORT treatments weakened phosphorylated signaling pathway for CCK transcription in an agonist-specific manner. Daily single injection of DEX but not CORT for 4 d decreased Cck mRNA in the upper small intestine with altered metabolism and gut glucocorticoid sensitivity in male Wistar rats. These findings provide a new insight to reveal stress-induced abnormal nutrient and metabolic status in relation to gastrointestinal dysfunctions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".