Balancing Infrastructural Development and Social Welfare: An Islamic Perspective on the Ibadan Circular Road Project Controversy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper addresses the controversy on the Ibadan Circular Road (ICR) project in Oyo State, Nigeria, particularly its impact on residents displaced in six local government areas: Ido, Akinyele, Egbeda, Ona-Ara, Lagelu, and Oluyole. While the project aims at urban renewal and benefits for residents and commuters, many argue that the government's approach has imposed hardship on those displaced, leading to allegations of unfair practices. The study examines the issue through the lens of Islamic governance and urban development systems, suggesting that contemporary leaders can learn to balance infrastructure development with social justice. Using qualitative case study methodology, including government documents and surveys of 60 out of the displaced residents, the findings indicate that at least 500 individuals have become homeless due to government-initiated demolition. The paper recommends that the state government should have adopted Caliph Umar’s principles to ensure a balance between development and social welfare, setting a positive precedent for future projects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".